Therefore we can use the equation for equidistant spacing to determine the theoretically optimum row spacing. This website is copyrighted under Creative Commons-Attribution. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. [30] who recorded maximum harvest index (41.66%) at the highest row spacing (45cm) of chickpea than 15cm row spacing (32.6%). The experiment was laid out using split-split plot design. The two methods of sowing seeds in the soil are manual sowing which is done manually by hand and the other is by a seed drill. It ranks next to potato in the area of cultivation, and it is the first as a processing crop among vegetables [4]. Results of the economic analysis of the present experiment showed that the maximum net benefit of Ethiopian birr (ETB) 22,185.7ha1 with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) (>100%) was obtained from planting of mung bean with 4015cm spacing (Table9). Rows spaced 72 inches are perfect for making two passes with most rotary tillers for weed control until the vines begin to run. 2002;1:189. The seeds were sown in June and harvested in October. Agriculture is an important sector of Sudan economy and is the backbone of growth, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. Marketable fruit weight per hectare (kg ha1): the fruits harvested from two middle rows, which were free from damage by insect pests and diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were weighed, averaged, and expressed in yield per plot and calculated on per hectare basis. [20] who reported that the widest interrow spacing of 100cm and closer spacing of 20 and 30cm intrarow spacing gave the tallest plant. S. Hussen, M. Kemal, and M. Wasie, Effect of intra-row spacing on growth and development of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum mill) var. K. E. Law-Ogbomo and S. U. Remison, The response of Dioscorea rotundata to NPK fertilizer in Edo State, Nigeria, Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, vol. Malek MFN, Majnonhoseini N, Alizade H. A survey on the effects of weed control treatments and plant density on lentil growth and yield. (2007) Effect of soybean row width and population on weeds, crop yield, and economic return. Spatial arrangementis the systematic apportioning of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production. Another practice is instrip intercropping, for example, the simultaneous growing of 6 rows of corn and 12 rows of soybean in alternating stripes. Which Indian tribes used the bow-and-arrow? Keep in mind that the wider your row spacing becomes, the more weeds you will have to deal with. University of Georgia researchers are working on a new study meant to develop best practices for transitioning farmers starting out with land that has been used for grazing or has lain fallow. One such method of precision agriculture is intra row spacing or correct seed spacing . Also, inter-row cultivation can stimulate emergence of some weed species. Correct seed. 2010;26(2):20111. The CPWC can be shortened with narrow rows, which may reduce the reliance on herbicides and/or improve overall weed control. On the basis of over all results, 22x9.5 cm inter and intra row spacing showed good performance and is therefore, considered best for onion cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Dargai, Malakand agency. W. T. Kelley and G. Boyhan, Commercial Tomato Production Hand Book, The University of Georgia and Ft, Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, USA, 2010. Multiple row plantingis a system of growing crops in blocks or strips of 2 or more rows. Effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of mung bean (, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2012;14:38998. What is the reason for correct plant spacing? However, for maximum net benefit, we recommend spacing of 4015cm as the optimum spacing for the cultivation of mung bean variety Rasa (N-26) under the rain-fed in North Gondar Zone, Metema Districts, and similar agroecologies. Conversely, the excessive shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more efficient photosynthesis and improved crop yield; 2. This research was conducted in the Debre Berhan University research and demonstration site which is classified as vertosol. How do I check if I have a warrant in Riverside County? What Is Row Planting and How Crops Are Arranged, is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity, Best Tips to Maintain Tractors for Winter! Peanut fodder from 30 cm inter-row spacing also had comparatively higher concentration of crude protein and lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, resulting in significant improvements in dry What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? Ali MZ, Khan MA, Rahaman AK, Ahmed M, Ahsan AF. Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh; 2007. p. 8284. 91, no. 1, pp. Samih A. This result was not in line with that of Oad et al. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, needs and wantschanging with time and place examples, ( PLEASE FOLLOW ME AND YOU ANSWER THIS QUESTION ) What are the 6 types of climates?, _colour in the raw material indicates the presense of starch after adding iodine, 11. BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), Kewet Woreda Agriculture Development Office, Annual Report, BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000. The world annual production area of mung bean is about 5.5 million hectare with a increase in rate of 2.5% per annum [4]. For a raised bed garden, you probably dont want boxes and/or rows wider than 5 feet, so you can easily reach into the garden and pull weeds or harvest vegetables without having to walk into the raised bed. This could verify that this intrarow spacing is from other interrow spacing treatments. Yagoob H, Yagoob M. The effects of water deficit stress on protein yield of mung bean genotypes. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. Growers also may use wider rows when they expect wet conditions at or around planting time. S. Chernet, F. Belay, G. Tekle, Y. Kahsay, N. Weldu, and G. Zerabruk, Response of yield and yield components of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L.) to different inter and intra-row spacing at Merebleke, Northern Ethiopia, African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 26142619, 2017. between intra row spacing and variety showed that the use of wider row spacing in combination with the varieties improved the plant height, stem girth and number of pods significantly. Desalegne [6] reported that many varieties of tomato including fresh and processed varieties are popular and economically important vegetable crop in small and large-scale farming. December 2009 to April 2010 cropping season to assess the effects of intra-row spacing and variety on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The average production is incomparable with the average yield of other countries such as China (59.4tons ha1), India (24.6 tonsha1), USA (96.8tons ha1), Turkey (68.8tons ha1), and Egypt (40.9tons ha1) [8]. [24] who reported that the number of pods per plant of lentil was significantly influenced by plant density. 2009;3:87780. Fruit diameter (cm): the diameter of 10 randomly selected fruits per each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit diameter. This could be due to the genetic nature of the plant which is much responsive for yield and yield-related components (Table 2) rather than ontogeny and phenological characteristics of the plant. It is extensively produced by small-scale farmers and commercial producers and widely consumed fresh or processed. As demand for organic food continues to rise, organic agriculture has attracted both longtime producers and new farmers into the industry. The highest number of pods per plant (26.73) was obtained from 5015cm inter- and intra-row spacing, while the lowest number of pods per plant (7.53) was found at 205cm at Metema site two (Table6). [20] reported that fruit diameter was not significantly affected by inter- and intrarow spacing. Spacing between plots and replications were 1 and 1.5m, respectively. It has maximum and minimum temperatures of 40.0 and 15.0C, respectively [14]. Cookies policy. (2015) MidSouth soybean yield and net return as affected by plant population and row spacing. Detection of differences among treatment means for significance was performed using DMRT (Duncans multiple range tests at 0.05 probability level). Seed spacing a small: Plant nine plants per square foot or three rows of three seeds. 6, no. Best 2023 Guide! We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Fruit length (cm): the fruit length of 10 randomly selected marketable fruits from each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit length. Closer spaced crops tend to shade out competing weeds once the crop leaves begin to form a canopy over the middle of the rows. This license lets others remix, adapt, and build upon our work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit GROW.org and license their new creations under the identical terms. 3 This is a desert plant. Least significant differences (LSD) test at 5% level of probability was used. The seeds were separately drilled into the beds, covered lightly with a film of loosed soil, and mulched immediately using dry grasses. The studies involved row spacing from 12 to 24 inches in no-till production, and combined other agronomic factors such as different nitrogen rates, seeding rates, weed control and fungicide applications. Paul Pugliese is the Agriculture and Natural Resources agent for the University of Georgia Extension office in Bartow County. Metema District is located in North Gondar Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Enhanced fruit length in interaction of closer intrarow spacing (20cm) and wider inter-row spacing (120cm) could be because of reduced interrow competition for resources such as radiation, fertilizer, and moisture. When you plant two seeds per hole, the inter spacing remains unchanged but the intra spacing is doubled, making 75cm by 50cm. 15, 2015. (2006) A review of the effects of row spacing on weed management in corn and soybean. 6, pp. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The combined main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was highly significant ( P <0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on plant height (Table 1 ). A study testing Palmer amaranth and their survivability when sprayed at different time intervals within 7.5- and 38-inch rows reported the narrower (7.5-inch) rows saw less palmer amaranth survival regardless of the timing of herbicide treatment (Jha 2008). A combination of intra-row spacing, sowing date, and pesticides on M. vitrata was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 respectively in Katsina, towards developing an integrated pest management on cowpea. Fahad, S., Hussain, S., Chauhan, B.S., Saud, S., Wu C., Hassan, S., Huang, J. (A Must-read 2023 Guide), Tractor Maintenance: Learn All Tips for Best Performance! The mung bean variety Rasa (N-26) was used for the experiment. Bobcat Compact Tractor Reviews: Is This the Right Tractor for You? 10, no. Soybean is the grain crop that consistently benefits from narrow row spacing. Minh NP. Row spacing and faster canopy closure are important factors for the Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC). If diseases that are favored by longer periods of leaf moisture are a concern, consider planting resistant cultivars. In the summer. Keywords: Inter-Row spacing, Staggered Planting, Collard Varieties, Wiregrass Tunnel . The combined analysis showed main effect and their interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing which were highly significantly (P<0.01) affected on grain yield of mung bean (Table1). These contrasting results might be due to variations in crop management practices, variety, and environmental conditions where the crop is grown. Row spacing. On the other hand, shortest fruit length recorded from the interaction of closer spacing of 2060cm could be due to the impact of competition for nutrients and water in closer spacing, which favours the formation of short fruits as the nutrient is not optimum enough to give good fruit length. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world [1]. The treatments include three intra-row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and 40, 50 cm). A Corrigendum for this article has been published. Inappropriate spacing is one of the major problems in tomato production at the study area. examples of biennial weeds. How do I calculate the plant distances in the row? Whether youre a home gardener or a production farmer, Georgias mild climate allows for a variety of fruits and vegetables to be grown throughout the year. 1992. The interaction of intra- and interrow spacing of 20120cm resulted in higher plant height. (2003) Economic analysis of row spacing for corn and soybean. either of the two spacing used, you would get 53,333 maize stands per hectare. Though there are exceptions, narrow row spacing generally leads to faster canopy closure, thus increasing weed suppression. 6 How does inter row spacing affect plant height? High unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from closer spacing. In Bangladesh, as well as in other countries, various experiments with improper spacing reduced the yield of mung bean up to 2040% [29]. Hence, it may produce large-sized fruits, as there will be sufficient light and available nutrients for plants. a crop grown between the rows of another crop. One such method of precision agriculture is correct seed spacing. This might be due to higher inter- and intrarow competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. How many atoms particles are in a nucleus? This could be the reason for the nonsignificant result obtained in this planting distance. Moreover, the interaction effect of intra- and inter-row spacing effect on harvest index was significant (P<0.05) (Table1). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2015. p. 96103. SAS Version 9.1 20012002. The manipulation of row spacing is a conceptually simple management tactic that can have a sizable impact on weeds in some crops. What does intra row mean? (Best 2023 Explanation). [19] who reported that higher fruit diameter was recorded when the intrarow spacing increased from 20 to 40cm and from 70cm to 100cm interrow spacing. Best 2023 Expert! It is a distance between seeds in a given row and the distance between several rows. On the other hand, when the number of plants per unit area decreased, the yield also decreased. The competitiveness and vigor of soybean planted at these higher rates, along with narrow rows, can help manage weeds that emerge both early and late. (2011) Growth and yield responses of soybean to row spacing and seeding rate. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. The fruits were counted at each harvest time, averaged converted to number of marketable fruits per hectare, and expressed in numbers. Afr Biotechnol J. Metema has latitude, longitude and elevation of 124738N, 362341E and 760m above sea level, respectively. Many other weeds, such as barnyardgrass, common cocklebur, common ragweed, and lambsquarters are all affected in comparable ways. Inter and intra row spacing effect on the growth, seed yield and oil continent of safflower. In: Singh RJ, Jauhar PP, editors. Besides, at spacing of 20cm5cm, the grain yield ha1 was significantly higher as compared to the interaction of wider inter- and intra-row spacing (5015cm), which showed that the main determinant of yield was the plant population which along with other yield attributes contributed toward a significant increase in grain yield (Table7). An Introduction to Crop Science. J. 70, no. : Publications Office. [25] who reported no significant effect of row spacing on number of seeds per pod of mung bean. 7 What are the effects of inter row spacing on safflower? Soybean row spacings of 30- to 36- inches are common in some regions of the country due to prevailing equipment setups and production practices, but planting in narrow rows can improve weed control. 2017. It is practiced in most crops whether direct-seeded, transplanted, or grown from vegetative planting materials, both in monocropping and multiple cropping. [1] who reported that the highest unmarketable fruits were recorded from wider spacing rather than closer spacing. In bananas, both single and multiple row arrangements are practiced. Maximum grains/ear (759.750), shelling %age (81.75), and 1000-grain wt (209.75 g) were recorded at 25x50 cm plant and row spacing, while maximum emergence/m2 (9.41) was observed at 15x50 cm plant and row spacing, respectively. Multiply the distance between the trees and the rows of trees to determine the square feet of space allowed for each tree in the woodlot. (a) Oxygen (b) Carbon monoxide (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen, specific characteristics. 5 What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? Conversely, Papadopoulos and Ormrod [18] found low proportion of unmarketable fruit grade of tomato under greenhouse condition which is grown in wider spacing. statement and Performance of some bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) varieties under different irrigation systems and regimes. The centre of origin for tomato assumed to be the Andean zone. Intra-row spacing and sowing date were respectively allocated to the main and sub-plots while pesticides consisting . 2. Although row spacing is relatively simple to change, the effect on the whole farm system can be complex and can influence grain yield, time of sowing, machinery, herbicide, seed and fertiliser costs, and The higher the yield potential, the greater the negative impact of wider rows on wheat and barley yields. It can move from one place to other. 2010;4:618596. 12, no. The maximum plant height (79.83cm) was recorded at inter-row spacing of 20, 30 and 40cm (Table2). This particular study saw greater yields in 7.5-inch rows than 15-inch. The present finding demonstrated that optimum economic plant densities of mung bean are often less than densities that result in maximum yield, because of higher labor and seed costs at higher densities. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. Row spacing in raised bed gardens is often closer than in traditional plowed gardens. Movement within the crop area is more convenient and allows close inspection of individual plants; 6. In addition, wheat yield was considerably greater in the narrower row treatments (Fahad 2015). The combined main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was highly significant (P<0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on aboveground dry biomass yield (Table1). This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. S. K. Ogundare, J. Therefore, farmers can use 20cm intrarow spacing and 60cm interrow spacing for planting of tomato seedling of Weyno variety. 447 p.). Different systems of planting arrangement within the row are practiced in both single and multiple row planting, depending on the characteristics and requirements of the crop, particularly its extent of canopy expansion. 3539, 2007. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); "Every day is Earth Day when you work in agriculture.". The current result was in accord with the results of Chernet et al. This result is in line with Samih [19] who reported that when beans are planted at the lower planting densities, the plants required more number of days for flowering. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. Its almost that time of year again: January is the month for seed catalogs galore. D. Getahun and D. Bikis, Responses of tomato varieties to intra-row spacing under rain-fed production, Agricultural Science Research Journal, vol. 2008;7(24):446470. This result is in line with [31] who reported that changes in seeding rates contributed to significant yield changes but not to changes in profitability. This clearly indicated that plant spacing should be determined by considering cultivar, site, and management practices required. University of Gondar is also acknowledged for accepting AB as a Master of Science student in Agronomy discipline. (2023 Helpful Guide). While narrow rows can improve weed management, some diseases are favored by narrow rows because the soybean foliage and soil surface remains wet for longer periods of time. The result also indicated that all interrow spacing interacted with 30cm intrarow spacing do not show significant difference in fruit length. 2, no. The experimental material used in this experiment was tomato using variety Weyno (semi-indeterminate type). On the other hand, the lowest unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from 120cm inter- and 40cm interrow spacing, which was statistically at par with 100cm interrow spacing. Coconut and other perennial crops are often intercropped with multiple rows of annual crops like corn and pineapple. [21] reported that the onset of flowering and 50% flowering date were significantly earlier as plant density decreased. The combined main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing and their interaction was highly significant (P<0.01) on days to 90% maturity (Table1). Currently, mung bean is produced in different parts of Ethiopia. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. 43, EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2004. For vine crops such as sweet potatoes, cucumbers, cantaloupe, watermelons and pumpkins, leave at least 60 to 72 inches between the rows. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev. Effect of N fertilizer and plant density on yield, seed quality, and oil content of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) at Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. The highest number of unmarketable and marketable fruit was recorded from a closer spacing of 60cm followed by 80cm interrow spacing with no significant difference in between. By using this website, you agree to our thesis presented to Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2003. Thompson, N.M., Larson, J.A., Lambert, D.M., Roberts, R.K., Mengistu, A., Bellaloui, N. and Walker, E.R. Palmer amaranth is among the most damaging HR weeds, and is well known for growing far taller than soybean. For example, peanut or mungbean can be dibbled between two adjacent rows of corn. Plant density is one of the essential agronomic practices as it is a major management variable used in matching crop requirements to the environmental offer of resources. Fruit diameter was significantly (<0.05) affected (<0.01) by the main effect of interrow and intrarow spacing (Table 1), whereas the interaction effect of intra- and interrow spacing was not significant. To view the article details, please click the Corrigendum tab above. Seed catalogs are the embodiment of possibility, a chance for gardeners to envision the ever-elusive perfect garden. Disease Severity: Disease is another troublesome variable that can adversely affect soybean fields. When using cages for tomatoes, peppers and eggplants, add a little extra space for convenience. The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100, and 120cm) replicated three times and arranged in randomized complete block design using tomato variety Weyno.
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