Goh Chok Tong is a Singaporean former politician who served as Prime Minister of Singapore between 1990 and 2004, and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party between 1992 and 2004. Kishore Mahbubani has written several highly acclaimed books on international relations and global politics. was written and published in 1996, while Asia was experiencing a new era of economic success. The piece poses the question: how might we hear better to broaden and enhance our sense of belonging in the universe? Can Asians Think?, Times Books International (Singapore), 1996, published as Can Asians Think? He was the only Filipino journalist to win the Pulitzer Priz, CHENEY, Lynne V. 1941- In addition to his advocacy for the rise of Asia and the importance of multilateralism, Mahbubani has also been a proponent of the need for global cooperation on issues such as climate change and economic development. [19], In 2019, Mahbubani was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His latest book, Has China Won?, was published in 2020. [3] In 2019, Mahbubani was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. A formal announcement was made on national television and radio by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at 08:00 that morning. Jobs in the United States >>>. When did Kishore Mahbubani get married? Mahbubani is also an avid sports fan and has been a strong advocate for the development of sports in Singapore and Asia. Of Singapore dels, to several sessions of United Nations General. He was conferred the Public Administration Medal (Gold) by the Singapore Government in 1998. Central to Mahbubani's thesis is the question of how well Asian societies can integrate themselves into the modern world while maintaining their historical roots and traditions. In addition, he was a fellow at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in 199192.
Facebook Chairman and Founder, Nathan Gardels Deputy director Ministry Foreign Affairs, 19801982. Kishore Mahbubani Born: October 24, 1948 (age 73 years), Colony of Singapore Is Kishore Mahbubani married? He is also a former Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. By prescribing pragmatic solutions for improving the global order including a 7-7-7 formula that may finally break the logjam in the United Nations Security Council Mahbubani maps a road away from the geopolitical contours of the nineteenth century. Diplomatic missions were established in the early 1990s based on trade and the warming of ties from other ASEAN countries towards mainland China. [18]. After stepping down, he remained serving as a senior advisor at the National University of Singapore while engaging in a nine-month sabbatical at various universities, including Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. In the lead up to Singapore's 50th anniversary of independence, he began a series on "big ideas" that he hoped would help Singapore succeed in the following half-century. Beyond the Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust Between America and the World, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East, The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World, Has China Won? Over the course of his career, Mahbubani has served in various diplomatic roles for the government of Singapore, including as the countrys ambassador to the United Nations. All Rights Reserved. From 1993 to 1998, he held the position of Permanent Secretary at MFA. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Movement IV: A.I.
PDF Women'S International Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Mahbubani also writes regularly for Singapore's The Straits Times. Mahbubani first married Gretchen Liu [25], a journalist and author. If we are to truly expand our hearing apparatus, and thus our notion of beauty, we must not only shed preconceived sonic associations but also invite creative participation from beings non-human and non-living. Understanding the Divide Between East and West. However, StrictlyWeddings.com is not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. Mahbubani is married to Anamah Tan, and they have three children.
Anne Markey - Attorney in New York, NY - Lawyer.com What are some of Kishore Mahbubani's most famous books? He is also a Professor in the Practice of Public Policy. As a former member of the United Nations security council, and the dean of the Lee Kuan Yew's Public Policy department, Mahbubani has been an observer of the changing tide in Asian and Western politics. Executive Vice President, Nils Gilman score, to pay homage to the space of the Bradbury Building. The couple married and they now have two sons and one daughter.
Mahbubani continues to serve in boards and councils of several institutions in Singapore, Europe and North America, including the Yale President's Council on International Activities, Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs, Indian Prime Minister's Global Advisory Council, Bocconi University's International Advisory Committee, World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on China, and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize's nominating committee. During his stint at the Ministry of Foreign Affairsfrom 1971 to 2004, he served as Singapore's Permanent Representative to the United Nationsand held the position of President of the United Nations Security Councilbetween January 2001 and May 2002. He has held several exhibitions as a Singaporean pioneer of haiga art, developed from a 16th-century Japanese art form combining ink sketches with haiku poems. Singapore then came under the Malacca Sultanate and subsequently the Johor Sultanate. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the U.S. representative for Massachusettss 7th congressional district from 1976 to 2013. He was also, between 2004 and 2017, the dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. [24], The secondary school library of the Tampines campus of the United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA) is named after Mahbubani. He was also one of the founders of the People's Action Party (PAP), which has governed the country continuously since independence. Might we behave more altruistically if we better heed the calls of and call out to non-human beings? Education Bachelor with honors in Philosophy, University Singapore, 1971. [3], Born in Singapore to a Singaporean Indian family of Sindhi descent, Mahbubani's parents were Hindus who settled in Singapore after being displaced from their native Hyderabad, Sindh, during the partition of India. He served in various diplomatic positions, including as Singapores ambassador to the United Nations from 1984 to 1989. When did Kishore Mahbubani get divorced? Koh Buck Song is a Singaporean writer, poet, and country brand adviser. Between 2004 and 2017, he served as Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. Japan's success was emulated by the four economic tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Mahbubani was selected as one of Foreign Policys Top 100 Global Thinkers in 2010 and 2011 and one of Prospect's top 50 world thinkers in 2014. AWARDS, HONORS: President's Scholarship, 1967; honorary doctorate, Dalhousie University, 1995; Public Administration Medal (Gold), Singapore Government, 1998; Foreign Policy Association Medal, 2004. Career Prof Mahbubani was also listed as one of the top 100 public intellectuals in the world by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines in September 2005, and included in the March 2009 Financial Times list of Top 50 individuals who would shape the debate on the future of capitalism. Kishore also spoke as part of Asian Institute of Finance's Distinguished Speaker Series in 2015 with the title "Can ASEAN re-invent itself?" The couple has two sons and one daughter. Huang Jing is a Chinese-American political scientist and alleged foreign agent. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Los Angeles, CA 90013, Nicolas Berggruen Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
Kishore Mahbubani - Senior Sustainability Consultant - LinkedIn Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Markey Jr. of Green Village, N.J., have announced the engagement of their daughter Anne King Markey to Kishore Mahbubani, the permanent representative of Singapore at the United Nations. Mahbubani was conferred an honorary Doctor of Philosophy from Dalhousie University in 1995. He attended Tanjong Katong Technical School and St. Andrew's School before he was awarded the President's Scholarship in 1967 to study at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), where he graduated in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours degree in philosophy. Global Policy Forum Online, http://www.globalpolicy.org/ (July 12, 2005), profile of author. The couple married and they now have two sons and one daughter. Kishore Mahbubani (Sindhi: ; born 24 October 1948) is a Singaporean academic and former diplomat. Mahbubani also spoke as part of Asian Institute of Finance's Distinguished Speaker Series in 2015 with the title "Can ASEAN re-invent itself?" (honors), 1971; Dalhousie University, M.A., 1976. Beyond the Age of Innocence: A Worldly View of America, Public Affairs (New York, NY), 2005. The website may include information about the persons early life, education, career, achievements, personal relationships, and other significant events or experiences. Danny Quah is Li Ka Shing Professor in Economics at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. Mahbubani was also listed as one of the top 100 public intellectuals in the world by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines in September 2005,[21] and included in the March 2009 Financial Times list of Top 50 individuals who would shape the debate on the future of capitalism. After completing his studies, Mahbubani returned to Singapore and joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Foreign Affairs, May, 1999, Lucian W. Pye, review of Can Asians Think?, p. 150. During this period, he served as the President of the United Nations Security Council in January 2001 and May 2002. Kishore Mahbubani has argued that the rise of China is an inevitable and positive development for the world, and that the West needs to learn to accept and adapt to this new reality. (Who's Kishore Mahbubani's husband / wife)? (published and translated in Singapore, Canada, US, Mexico, India, China Myanmar, Turkey and Malaysia), Beyond The Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust between America and the World (published and translated in the US and China), and The New Asian Hemisphere: the irresistible shift of global power to the East (published and translated in the US, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Egypt, China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Italy, Taiwan, Vietnam and Cambodia). Kishore Mahbubani has argued that the United States needs to recognize and adapt to the changing global balance of power, and that it needs to work more closely with other countries to address the worlds most pressing problems. It is basically criticising the West and insisting that their practice of the value they are pressing on to the rest of the world such as democracy, the rule of law and social justice is corrupted in many ways. Administrative officer Ministry Foreign Affairs, Singapore, 19711973. Mr Mahbubani is married to Anne King Markey. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Movement II: A.I.-TruismA synthesizer piece co-written with an AI in the style of Vangeliss Blade Runner score, to pay homage to the space of the Bradbury Building.
Kishore Mahbubani - People - Berggruen Institute Movement I: Alarm CallAlarm Call is a long-form composition and sound collage that juxtaposes, combines, and manipulates alarm calls from various human, non-human, and non-living beings. Later, he became Singapore's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. ", In Beyond the Age of Innocence: A Worldly View of America the author analyzes what he sees as a weakening of prestige and power in America's global influence largely due to how other countries view the United States. Fortune, November 26, 2001, "Kishore Mahbubani: U.N. 2023
. Kishore Mahbubani PPA (born 24 October 1948) is a Singaporean diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as Singapore Permanent Representative to the United Nations between 1984 and 1989, and again between 1998 and 2004, and President of the United Nations Security Council between 2001 and 2002. Author of Has China Won? It is located about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. He also has a habit of writing while listening to the music of Mohammed Rafi which his mother often put on the radio when he was a child. Mahbubani later married Anne King Markey on 30 March 1985. Beyond the Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust Between America and the World, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East, The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World, Has China Won? In the lead up to Singapore's 50th anniversary of independence, he began a series on "big ideas" that he hoped would help Singapore succeed in the following half-century.[18]. The Foreign Policy Association Medal was awarded to him in New York in June 2004 with the following opening words in the citation: A gifted diplomat, a student of history and philosophy, a provocative writer and an intuitive thinker. [8][9][10] His articles have appeared in newspapers outside of Singapore, such as Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, the Washington Quarterly, Survival, American Interest, the National Interest, Time, Newsweek, the Financial Times and International New York Times. Contemporary Authors. One thousand years later you get the exact reverse of that: the most dynamic and flourishing societies are in North America, Europe is one tier below and Asia is far behind. How many times has Kishore Mahbubani been married? (April 28, 2023). As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Bradbury Building Kishore Mahbubani is a renowned Singaporean diplomat, scholar, and writer. 48 others named Anne Markey are on LinkedIn See others named Anne Markey. When Mahbubani first met Anne, she was part of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington, D.C. PERSONAL: Born October 24, 1948, in Singapore; son of Mohandas and Janki (Devki) Mahbubani; Married Anne King Markey, March 30, 1985; children: three. (published and translated in Singapore, Canada, US, Mexico, India, China Myanmar, Turkey and Malaysia), Beyond The Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust between America and the World (published and translated in the US and China), and The New Asian Hemisphere: the irresistible shift of global power to the East (published and translated in the US, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Egypt, China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Italy, Taiwan, Vietnam and Cambodia). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/mahbubani-kishore-1948, "Mahbubani, Kishore 1948 to over hundreds of financial institution practitioners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kishore Mahbubani PPA (born 24 October 1948) is a Singaporean academic, diplomat and geopolitical consultant. Kishore Mahbubani - Personality Databases 6y Log In Create new account President United Nations Security Council, 20012002. "Mahbubani, Kishore 1948 He later underwent a double heart bypass operation.[26]. [9] [10] [11] His articles have appeared in newspapers such as Foreign Affairs , Foreign Policy , the Washington Quarterly , Survival , American Interest, the National Interest , Time, Newsweek , the Financial Times and the New York Times . In this book, Mahbubani argues that Western-style democracy may not be suitable for all societies and that Asian values such as respect for authority and a focus on community are important for social and economic development. [27]. [CDATA[ His latest book is entitled Can Singapore Survive? A synthesizer piece co-written with an AI in the style of Vangeliss. Orang tua Kishore Mahbubani adalah Mohandas Mahbubani dan Janki Mahbubani. ISRAEL PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA 80TH ANNIVERSARY CONCERT Having performed a sold-out pre-sg50 concert in 2014, maestro Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra returned in January for another round of celebrations. Hobbies and other interests: Tennis, reading. Does Kishore Mahbubani have any children? Her father is an associate with Victor Zucchi & Son, a church design and renovation firm in Bogota, N.J. Mr. Mahbubani, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Mohandas Mahbubani of Singapore, is also his country's High Commissioner to Canada. Kishore Mahbubani PPA (born 24 October 1948) is a Singaporean diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as Singapore Permanent Representative to the United Nations between 1984 and 1989, and again between 1998 and 2004, and President of the United Nations Security Council between 2001 and 2002.[1]. anne king markey mahbubani. Christianity and LGBT rights in Singapore, Discrimination against transgender people in Singapore, Workplace discrimination against LGBT people in Singapore, The Online Citizen interviews the organiser and participants of the inaugural Pink Dot, 16 May 2009, Pink Dot 2010 Focusing on Our Families (Part 1), PINK DOT 2011 SUPPORT THE FREEDOM TO LOVE - 18 JUNE 2011, Archive of judgment of High Court judge Lai Chiu Siu, 15 March 2011, Archive of Lianhe Zaobao feature article on Loo Zihan (12 February 2012), Archive of performance score for Loo Zihan's re-enactment of "Cane" (19 February 2012), St. Andrew's School (now St. Andrew's Junior College), More The Singapore LGBT encyclopaedia Wiki. She graduated from the Oak Knoll School of the. CAREER: Civil servant, ambassador, and writer. Dean Lee Kuan Yew Sch Public Policy, National University Singapore, since 2004. Profil Kishore Mahbubani, Profesor Singapura Bilang Jokowi Jenius - Suara Mahbubani later married Anne King Markey on 30 March 1985. In The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World (Public Affairs), he describes how the world has seen more positive change in the past 30 years than the past 300 years. He later underwent a double heart bypass operation. Furthermore, he is largely supportive of China and their method of globalisation and implies that they are doing everything right to become an even more powerful nation.[18]. [2] He is currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Asia Research Institute. This biography will explore Mahbubanis life and career, highlighting his major achievements and contributions to the field of international relations. Kishore Mahbubani has been listed as a noteworthy dean, ambassador by Marquis Who's Who. Son of Mohandas and Janki (Devki) Mahbubani. [4], Mahbubani was born in Singapore to a Sindhi-speaking Hindu family who were displaced from Sindh province during the Partition of India. He has argued that the UN should be reformed to better reflect the changing power dynamics in the world and to ensure that the voices of developing countries are heard. He was appointed the Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Ministry from 1993 to 1998. During his tenure at the UN, Mahbubani was known for his outspokenness on issues such as the need for reform of the UN Security Council and the role of developing countries in international affairs. Ambassador Kishore Mahbubani: America Does Not Respect India [22] Mahbubani was selected as one of Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers in 2010 and 2011[23] and one of Prospects top 50 world thinkers in 2014. Lucian W. Pye, writing in Foreign Affairs, called the author "an exceptionally lively and provocative polemicist. When Mahbubani first met his current wife, Anne, she was part of the U.S commodities Future Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington. It has the third highest population density in the world, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces due to advanced urban planning. Mahbubani was previously married to Gretchen Gustafson, a journalist and author on 21 June 1975. In 1819, British statesman Stamford Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby Johor will allow the British to locate a trading port on the island, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Crown colony of Singapore in 1867. He is also an avid reader and has written about the importance of reading and education in shaping ones worldview. ." The Foreign Policy Association Medal was awarded to him in New York in June 2004 with the following opening words in the citation: "A gifted diplomat, a student of history and philosophy, a provocative writer and an intuitive thinker". By prescribing pragmatic solutions for improving the global order including a 7-7-7 formula that may finally break the logjam in the United Nations Security Council Mahbubani maps a road away from the geopolitical contours of the nineteenth century. Anne Markey Mahbubani Xianying Meng Hunaina AI Mughairy Babli Sharma Berit Stanton Barbara M Turk WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL One United Nations Plaza, DC 1-500 New York, NY 10017 Anne Markey. ; Understanding the Divide between East and West, Steerforth Press (South Royalton, VT), 2002. to over hundreds of financial institution practitioners in Kuala Lumpur. Saat ini Kishore Mahbubani dikarunia 2 anak yang bernama Kishore Richard Markey Mahbubani dan Jhamat Markey Mahbubani. Mahbubani was an outstanding student and was awarded a government scholarship to study at the University of Singapore, where he obtained a bachelors degree in philosophy and economics. When Mahbubani first met his current wife, Anne, she was part of the U.S commodities Future Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington. All information on this site is provided "as is", with no guarantee of completeness, accuracy, timeliness or of the results obtained from the use of this information. His fourth book, The Great Convergence: Asia, the West and the Logic of One World , will be launched in 2013. The last ruler of the Kingdom of Singapura, Parameswara, was expelled by the Majapahit or the Siamese before he founded Malacca. After his graduation in 1971, Mahbubani joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) as a foreign service officer. He currently also serves on the board of the International Advisory Council at Bocconi. Beginning in the 1970s, he served in Singapore's foreign ministry and then as the nation's representative to the United Nations. Mahbubani later married Anne King Markey on 30 March 1985. Mahbubani dispels myths around Asian countries such as Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan, which have achieved tremendous growth in the last 30 years. Melinda Markey was created on Feb 27, 1934 in LA, California, USA. Looking for a job? He also has a habit of writing while listening to the music of Mohammed Rafi which his mother often put on the radio when he was a child. When Mahbubani first met Anne, she was part of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington, D.C. Movement III: AlarmismA machine learning model learns A.I.Truism and recreates Alarm Call, generating an original fusion of the two. After his graduation in 1971, Mahbubani joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) as a foreign service officer. Strictly Weddings. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [9][10][11] His articles have appeared in newspapers such as Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, the Washington Quarterly, Survival, American Interest, the National Interest, Time, Newsweek, the Financial Times and the New York Times. Mahbubani has published numerous articles and books on international affairs, including his influential book Can Asians Think? published in 1998. Join Facebook to connect with Anne King and others you may know. He graduated from St. Andrew's School in Singapore and the University of Singapore and received an M.A. Quah is best known for his research on estimation techniques for disentangling the effects of different disturbances on economies, for his studies on economic growth and convergence across nation states, and for his analyses of large-scale shifts in the global economy. Fellow Center for Internat.Affairs, Harvard University, 19911992. [1]. [1] He currently also serves on the board of the International Advisory Council at Bocconi. In addition, he was a fellow at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in 199192. And my question is why? Time, July 12, 1999, Joshua Cooper Ramo, review of Can Asians Think?, p. 40. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. He attended Tanjong Katong Technical School and St. Andrew's School before he was awarded the President's Scholarship in 1967 to study at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), where he graduated in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours degree in philosophy. Miss Markey, a lawyer, is a deputy director of the division of enforcement of the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission in Washington. The journal's scope includes, but is not limited to, public policy, public management, international relations, international political economy, and economics. She had also served as Singapore Ambassador to the United States between 1996 and 2012. Anyone can read what you share. In The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World, Mahbubani describes how the world has seen more positive change in the past 30 years than the past 300 years. In this collection of essays, the author explores the history of Asian societies over the past few centuries in the context of a future world dominated by Asian economies. He is also a Professor in the Practice of Public Policy. Evolutionary biologists understand the alarm call to be an altruistic behavior between species, who, by warning others of danger, place themselves by instinct in a broader system of belonging. The secondary school library of the Tampines campus of UWCSEA is named after him, He is also a former chair of the UWCSEA foundation. Mahbubani is best known outside Singapore for his books Can Asians Think? [7] He also has a Chinese name, being known as (Chinese: ; pinyin: M Kishu). Bilahari Kim Hee Papanasam Setlur Kausikan is a Singaporean retired academic, diplomat and civil servant who served as Singapore's Permanent Representative to the United Nations between 1995 and 1998. Administrative officer Ministry Foreign Affairs, Singapore, 19711973. While the United States has done more than any other country to help the world, it has also failed in many areas, causing harm through unfulfilled promises and mixed messages. When Mahbubani first met his current wife, Anne, she was part of the U.S commodities Future Trading Commission and he was serving as the deputy chief of the Singaporean mission in Washington. The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy is an autonomous postgraduate school of the National University of Singapore (NUS), named after the late former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew. Education: University of Singapore, B.A. Booklist, March 1, 2005, Brendan Driscoll, review of Beyond the Age of Innocence: A Worldly View of America, p. 1119. Mahbubani is best known outside Singapore for his books Can Asians Think?, Beyond The Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust between America and the World, and The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East. Charge d'affaires Singapore Embassy, Phnom Penh, Kampuchea, 19731974. Kishore Mahbubani Born. Kishore Mahbubani Home Page, http://www.mahbubani.net (July 12, 2005). He believes that these institutions should make rule for rising Asian powers and claims that though the West may be fearful of Asia's rise, it should accept them and co-operate. He was raised in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious household and was exposed to different cultures and languages from a young age. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers.