* Diasporic people, The landscape formed by the ethnicities living in that area. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide powerful symbols as sources of identity. In the United States, ethnic enclaves became definitive features of large cities during the 19th century. Truly involuntary enclaves are generally referred to as ghettos (although it should be noted that academics disagree as to whether ghettos qualify as enclaves or not). Check out this image appearing on your screen right now. Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes, President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, Teaching Kids About Money: Tips, Methods & Activities. Ethnic group. This term was later used for communities where African Americans were segregated both legally and through social practices. Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. For example, ethnic groups such as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian might all be groups whose members are predominantly included in the "white" racial category. For example, the category Negroid, popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term negro by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with African American. This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region. Social scientists measure the degree to which immigrants have assimilated to a new culture with four benchmarks: socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage. The terms stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, and racism are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. 1.1 Geography: The Science of Where, How, and Why, 5.5 Globalization and International Trade, 7.3 Cities as Cultural and Economic Centers, 7.4 Cities as Environmental and Sustainable Centers. Africa: Human Geography - National Geographic Society Consider how a community might increase solidarity by refusing to allow outsiders access. Do Mexican, Somali, or Syrian immigrants always feel welcome outside of enclaves being formed today? Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Ethnicity - StudyStack Group protection can be achieved by a group of people building and supporting their own economy and bolstering other elements of their culture including religion, social causes, or politics. Polynesians developed large, double- hulled vessels called outrigger canoes. The success of ethnic enclaves depends on a variety of factors, both historical and present-day, and is connected to the formation of migrant networks. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. Stateless nation A group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own Red lining Small, rural areas settled by a single ethnic group as opposed to ethnic neighborhoods or enclaves, which are urban. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited black political and social power. As these communities grew, they found ways to bring the customs, holidays, foods, and even architecture from their homelands into their new neighborhoods. No, but what kind of salad would we be without tossing them into the mix? Fortunately, many sites offer short quizzes on specific geography topics and regions. Then tap the card to flip it. The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. Over 120,000 legal Japanese residents and Japanese U.S. citizens, many of them children, were held in these camps for up to four years, even though there was never any evidence of collusion or espionage. A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. Geographic Data, Spacial concepts, Human-Environmental interaction. In the United States, the mutual respect required by pluralism is often missing, and the nations past pluralist model of a melting pot posits a society where cultural differences arent embraced as much as erased. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting that black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. Nation ap human geography example - United States Tutorials Step-by AP Human Geography: Unit 3 | Barron's small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context. The scenarios above are examples of individual discrimination, but other types exist. The prevalence of ethnic enclaves is relatively recent and their general concept was first developed by Kenneth Wilson and Alejandro Portes in reference to Cubans in Miami during the early 1980s. Segregation is still alive and well in the United States, with different racial or ethnic groups often segregated by neighborhood, borough, or parish. During this time, many former Confederate states passed Jim Crow laws that required segregated facilities for blacks and whites. Genocide is not just a historical concept; it is practiced today. An example from the last century is the way Adolf Hitler was able to blame the Jewish population for Germanys social and economic problems. Albert offers free AP Human Geography questions on every topic covered by the AP class and categorizes them by difficulty level. 1mapping 2analysis Spatial Dimensions of Religious & Ethnic Groups 5. Like race, the term ethnicity is difficult to describe, and its meaning has changed over time. When entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Many human rights advocates claim the situation is approaching a genocide. Hitlers intent was clear, and the high Jewish death toll certainly indicates that Hitler and his regime committed genocide. While most white people are willing to admit that nonwhite people live with a set of disadvantages due to the color of their skin, very few are willing to acknowledge the benefits they receive. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in the workplace and social functions. Chinese people have been frequently limited by the ethnic majorities in these countries from maintaining positions in politics. Like Yemen, there is now growing concern that the civil war will create a nationwide famine. Well, this may not be entirely accurate. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. In the decades since then, further waves of immigrants have come to these shores and have eventually been absorbed into U.S. culture, sometimes after facing extended periods of prejudice and discrimination. While Americans of the 19th century saw Italians, Greeks, Germans, and Hungarians as being culturally recognizable to some degree, immigrants from East Asia seemed to come from an entirely different world. The success of. Ethnicity: Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (AANHPI) When ethnic groups are forced to live in a segregated parts of the city, the neighborhood becomes a "ghetto.". In Exercises 111 through 202020, differentiate the given function. Wilson and Portes's studies discussed the idea that people who immigrate to the United States form communities within a larger, pre-standing community for the purposed of protection. When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Historically, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders have been lumped into an umbrella . Some historians estimate that Native American populations dwindled from approximately 12 million people in the year 1500 to barely 237,000 by the year 1900 (Lewy 2004). In the late nineteenth century, it was not uncommon for business owners to hang signs that read, Help Wanted: No Irish Need Apply. Moreover, southern Jim Crow laws, with their Whites Only signs, exemplified overt discrimination that is not tolerated today. While prejudice refers to biased thinking, discrimination consists of actions against a group of people. Some of the worst acts by humans have been concerning ethnic cleansing and genocide. Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. Assimilation describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture. Southeast Asia | Map, Islands, Countries, Culture, & Facts Ethnic enclaves can form in a variety of ways, due to multiple factors, and are generally classified as either voluntary or involuntary ethnic enclaves. Overt discrimination has long been part of U.S. history. The AP Course Audit was created to provide teachers and administrators with clear guidelines on curricular and resource requirements for AP courses and to help colleges and universities validate courses marked "AP" on students' transcripts. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. The concept of the ghetto as a place of forced segregation is not something that has been lost in American history. Ethnicity - AP Human Geography Flashcards | Quizlet Owing to their localized geography or their locations on islands or peninsulas, many smallpolitical entities such as those labeled on the political map of the world can be identified as Topic 4.1A. Unlike enclaves, ethnic neighborhoods do not necessarily have an economic connection binding them together. De facto segregation, however, cannot be abolished by any court mandate. AP HUG CHPT 5: Ethnic Geography Homelands and Islands First off, we learned that an ethnic enclave is a community (generally founded by immigrants) that has maintained strong ethnic or national identity, concentrated tightly within a specific neighborhood. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Humans and human ancestors have lived in Africa for more than 5 million years. an American whose first language is Spanish, an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Every AP Human Geography Practice Test Available - PrepScholar In July 2011, South Sudan became the worlds newest country when it voted to break away from Sudan. a suburb with a concentration of a particular ethnic group. European settlers coerced American Indians off their lands, often causing thousands of deaths in forced removals, such as occurred in the Cherokee or Potawatomi Trail of Tears. A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money or purchase or improve property within the boundaries. deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves, Regional Cultural Distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland, an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background, a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions, the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization, migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there, letters from immigrants in the United States to frends and relitives in the old country, which spurred further immigration, the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area, the voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin. B. Possibly the most well-known case of genocide is Hitlers attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in the first part of the twentieth century. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an essential function in order to exist as long as they have. Maine? In modern times redlining is a practice that encourages segregation through policies restricting or denying benefits to certain groups of people or certain areas and has historically affected African Americans who were denied mortgages for homes. Thousands of civilians have been killed, with millions more displaced by the violence. A(n) ___ is a person with a special talent for developing new businesses, new products, and new ways of doing things. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander is defined as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands." The AA and NHPI population consist of over 50 distinct ethnicities in the U.S. To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity. Note that being a numerical minority is not a characteristic of being a minority group; sometimes, larger groups can be considered minority groups due to their lack of power. Ethnic enclaves are a unique pattern of spatial clustering, in which people of similar backgrounds live in a concentrated area instead of spreading out across an entire city or region. You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows: If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws flourished in the South during the Jim Crow era. The continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles . - Definition, Examples & Types, Collective Behavior: Crowd Types, Mobs & Riots, What Is Civil Disobedience? Institutional racism refers to how racism is embedded in the fabric of society. There were also stark divisions between the religions of Christianity and Islam. Belief that one race is superior to another. Study 66 Terms | AP Human Geography Flashcards | Quizlet While they do contain people with a common heritage, the people generally do not live there by choice. Immigrants often settled in smaller areas in high concentrations and then spread outwards from there. Additionally, this century saw regional and civil conflicts such as those experienced in the Congo (6 million people died), as well as an upsurge in child soldiers and modern slavery. On the evening of February 26, 2012, he was visiting with his father and his fathers fiance in the Sanford, Florida multi-ethnic gated community where his fathers fiance lived. Erie's Public Schools / Erie's Public Schools | Erie Pennsylvania Historical accounts suggest that between 1824 and 1908, white settlers killed more than 10,000 native Aborigines in Tasmania and Australia (Tatz 2006). Heritage can include culture, religion, language, etc., but is frequently variably defined, making a clear definition elusive. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned about ethnic enclaves. So when they arrived they stayed together, moving into communities where people of that ethnicity or nationality already existed. The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice. AP Human Chapter 7. They are recognizable for their distinct traditional clothing, speak a form of Old German language, and often reject modern conveniences like cars, electricity, and telephones, preferring to use horses and buggies for local transportation. Even if a society managed to eradicate racism from each individuals psyche, society itself would maintain it. They worked hard to make it flourish. The term ghetto, as we're using it here, refers to the European tradition of creating segregated neighborhoods for Jews. Today, there are a few situations that may be classified as a genocide. Many moved without having any experience with the language, customs, or expectations of their destination. However, we cannot erase discrimination from our culture just by enacting laws to abolish it. Over time, the typology of race that developed during early racial science has fallen into disuse, and the social construction of race is a more sociological way of understanding racial categories. Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Ethnicity - StudyStack Just as the Italian enclave became known colloquially as Little Italy, each ethnic enclave earned its own moniker amongst the city's residents. It consists of two dissimilar portions: a continental projection (commonly called mainland Southeast Asia) and a string of archipelagoes to the south and east of the mainland (insular Southeast Asia). A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is different than the surrounding area. Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. The concept of an ethnic enclave does imply some degree of choice, but we should acknowledge segregated communities that are formed without choice. Prejudiced nondiscriminators are those who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. You may recognize some of these even today. We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through three major perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. As of 2022, UExcel exams are no longer being offered. An error occurred trying to load this video. Most biologists, geographers, and social scientists have all taken an official position rejecting the biological explanations of race. While examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States are often discussed, ethnic enclaves occur across the globe. In American history, many large cities developed ethnic enclaves, identified by colloquial names like Little Italy or Chinatown. The first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in an area. As seen in the examples of the Trail of Tears and the Holocaust, expulsion can be a factor in genocide. Devolution: AP Human Geography Crash Course | Albert.io Discrimination based on race or ethnicity can take many forms, from unfair housing practices to biased hiring systems. Discrimination also manifests in different ways. When considering skin color, for example, the social construction of race perspective recognizes that the relative darkness or fairness of skin is an evolutionary adaptation to the available sunlight in different regions of the world. Ten percent of nursing home staff admitted to physically abusing an older person in the past year, and 40 percent admitted to committing psychological abuse (World Health Organization 2011). The United States has a longstanding claim of being a melting pot of cultures. If you were a member of the jury, would you have convicted George Zimmerman? Thomas Brittner has been teaching and managing projects for 18+ years. Create your account, 17 chapters | Cleansing involves the effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide. Expulsion refers to a subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a particular area or country. Ethnicity A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race. Ethnic enclaves are technically voluntary, but similar communities have existed that were involuntarily segregated. With ethnic cleansing, the aim is to remove a group of people with similar ethnic backgrounds from a specific geographic region by any means possible. Do we need more than one theory to explain racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? For example, the disproportionate number of black men arrested, charged, and convicted of crimes may reflect racial profiling, a form of institutional racism. Smallpox, diphtheria, and measles flourished among indigenous American tribes who had no exposure to the diseases and no ability to fight them. State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. These laws were codified in 1896s landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, which stated that separate but equal facilities were constitutional. In New York, for example, Little Italy is the traditional enclave where Italian immigrants congregated, set up Italian-style markets and celebrated Italian holidays. Race, in biological terms, refers to a socially constructed way to identify humans based on physical characteristics, resulting from genetic ancestry. A relatively small area occupied by a distinct culture or ethnicity, which largely result from chain migration. In your AP Human Geography class, you'll learn about the dynamics of societies around the world in economic, social, political, and environmental contexts. Institutional discrimination can also include the promotion of a groups status, such in the case of white privilege, which is the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group. So, whether or not we define ghettos as involuntary ethnic enclaves, they have been a part of American history and have maintained racial tensions and prejudice in this country. Ethnic enclaves as we know them today first developed during the 19th century in industrial cities. * South East Asia The first is in Myanmar, where the Buddhist govrenment has been systematically driving out Muslim populations called Rohingya. Enclaves in their current form first started to arise in the 19th century within industrial cities. If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just tap on the card to take it out of the box.