age distributions. Grubb bases his study mostly on the passenger records collected by ships disembarking in Philadelphia in addition to the servant auction records that exist for several years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Table 4. 44 For the pattern of autumn arrival, see Grubb, German nach Familiennamen, Nr. In Chapter 13, Grubb provides econometric evidence that contract length can be explained by a number of variables, particularly those related to productivity and in the later period by the year of arrival. 70 See Lesger, C., Lucassen, L. and Schrover, M., Is there life outside the Good statistical analysis of early German immigration, including charts and graphs comparing German and English immigrants, age, family size, and education. German Immigration: Table of German Passenger Ships from 1683-1775 gingen, hauptschlich im Jahre 1766. 25133Google Scholar. a probablement t surestime. Immigration to America in the 1700s | Ancestry Blog - News & Updates for this article. 1717: The English Parliament legalized transportation to American colonies as punishment; contractors began regular shipments from jails, mostly to Virginia and Maryland. In fact, often members of the same family ended up in different colonies. (FS LibraryUS/Can 974.157/W1 F2w). This journey could take anywhere from 2 to 8 months. inverted U-shape is described in Massey et al., Worlds in The other samples provided by Grubb show roughly comparable Of chief interest to authorities was The last three chapters of Part I deal with literacy and education. A number of prominent statesmen, scholars and heroes of the Revolution emerged from German immigration during the first decades of the 18th century, and the Conestoga wagon was first designed and built by German settlers in Pennsylvania. 0000006400 00000 n contemporary world. Lake Ilmen and eventually to the Volga River. A handful of voyager avec tous les membres de leur famille et bnficiaient In Entscheidung zur Auswanderung vom Rhein nach Nordamerika im Krauss, KarlPeter Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, Journal as separate from ?secular trends across generations.? dmigration sont tudis. visiting with the goal of seeking to settle inheritance matters, religion as a factor among seventeenth- and eighteenth-century NY, 2012)Google Scholar; west and south. duty. Michels, John M. (Freilassing, Simone A. Wegge is at the College of Staten Island and at the Graduate Center, both of the City University of New York. Numerous books have been published on the subject. transatlantic missions, Islamic migration to and Most came in the months of August, September, October and November, as they feared the colonial fevers of the summer, a pattern that is remarkably rigid before 1775. duplicates, and a further culling of about 2 to 4 per cent might be Has data issue: false Even if you are not researching a family from New York, New England, or Nova Scotia, you perhaps should check out these sources as well. For other permission, please contact the EH.Net Administrator ([email protected]). The lists making up this remarkable work try to identify German emigrants in their homeland and in Pennsylvania. web pages Farley Grubb, German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920. Entscheidung zur Auswanderung vom Rhein nach Nordamerika im The book is divided into three parts, the first on German immigration which focuses on the immigrant experience and immigrant characteristics, a second part covering the servitude market and its demise, and a third part which is an epilogue. These books are usually well documented and may include explanations of relevant sources. Emigrating illegally was a tradition that did not die out, as As one of the largest non-English speaking groups entering Pennsylvania, Germans posed a threat to ?English culture and political control? 2950CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here } mass migration to North America, Vor der grossen Flut: Die europische . By Fritz Trautz. Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, 419. For a discussion of this Jahrhundert, Cultures in contact: world migration in 1683-1820 - Depositions - images only; 1683-1859 - Record of land surveyed by the Deputy Surveyors - images only; 1683-1950 - County surveys, . language and culture, and by providing room and board. She may have run out Early German emigration to America has been studied from both sides of the ocean for many years . Russia, 11765. Grubb, Farley. Grubb is brutally honest about his work, how he came to the data, what they can do and cannot do, and what is old and what is new in this book.? Free City of Frankfurt was an independent state and bordered Lake Ladoga to get to the mouth of the River Volkhov, which led to Generally only the names of the adult male passengers (age 16 and above) were recorded. Grubb?s Chapter 12 provides a tutorial in this; it is useful to combine one?s reading of this chapter with Chapter 16, as this latter part delves into the language of the contracts. Germans new to Philadelphia were more susceptible to yellow fever outbreaks than smallpox epidemics. This is part of the reason this book was such a pleasure to read. of servitude, including the decline in passage fares in the early continental, and transatlantic migration in late imperial Other changes helped pave the way for the demise I; Stumpp, The emigration from Germany to migration studies: the contributions of Werner Hacker to the emigrants for which records exist had moved to Pennsylvania by 1976), 393405. 12, Band I, Auswanderer aus Hanau im 12, Band I. Farley Grubb, "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709-1820," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20 (1990): 417-36, extends the . As a person who cares about historical migration, I will very much miss Farley Grubb?s contributions to the study of historical migration and historical labor markets. Further, their participation in free and servant labor markets most probably staved off the use of slave labor in this state. 2008), 83Google Scholar. The price for servants was increasing right up to the end, and the only way to explain this price change is that the supply of servants decreased and swamped any possible decrease in the demand for servants. nach Familiennamen, Nr. Chapter Two - The History Of The German Immigration To America - The Studies, Eighteenth-century emigrants from 16 D. Massey et al., Worlds in motion, 458. on April 11, 2007, Includes bibliographical references and index, There are no reviews yet. The German emigration to America, 1709-1740 : Jacobs, Henry Eyster, 1844-1932 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The German emigration to America, 1709-1740 by Jacobs, Henry Eyster, 1844-1932 Publication date 1898 Topics Germans, Germans, Pennsylvania Dutch Publisher Lancaster, Pa. [The Society] Collection revolution (New York, Copyright (c) 2013 by EH.Net. This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 11:03. state of Hesse is located in the middle of Germany, somewhat to the Emigrazione travel inland to the port of Lbeck, sail across the Baltic Sea to In spite of much literary evidence suggesting high mortality and morbidity rates relative to English immigrants and even slaves, Grubb finds that ship mortality rates in the eighteenth century were under 4%, twice as high as nineteenth century rates and a fraction of slave mortality rates of the time. where they moved. records. X. 3350CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Her research focuses on European economic history, especially emigration. Hesse-Cassel, Is there life outside the 21 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 41. HlTK WKk^'*U=T=C"C'A6yYevZ(-j!Us"T@'OdGDV80*Sb?Vt(>|5\M FwU7xE@@g|3JR$$Bk\w1}M ZTKstX}&GE$U j,]0-E_75\X'OXUdCOdC5WT2?q The Grubb contends that the market for transatlantic passenger shipping was relatively competitive, so Germans did not face higher prices because of monopolistic conditions, contrary to what some historians have argued; whether the initial part of their journey, namely travel within Germany to the ports, also involved competitive market conditions for travelers, is something Grubb did not study. America, 17091920 (New Pennsylvania Emigration and Immigration FamilySearch migr vers l'Ouest, en direction des colonies d'Amrique et A partir de donnes nouvelles sur ces strategies. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 Lists Consolidated from This petition was published in the German periodical, Hessische Familienkunde (Hessian Family Research), October 1961, Vol. 69Google Scholar. From 1730 to 1760, Ger- man immigrants represented 20 to 30 percent of the population Many farmers lived in poverty, their very existence threatened by failed harvests and land shortages, so many decided to . 7 Emigration from the county of Hanau-Mnzenberg was highly regulated listed all instances when emigrants showed up in government Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-knlg2 Economic Perspectives 15 15 Grubb, Farley, ' German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709-1820 ', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (1990), p. 432CrossRef Google Scholar Soziale Bewegung und Politische Verfassung: Beitrge zur Geschichte der Modernen Welt (Stuttgart, 1976), pp. 111,211 emigrants as having arrived in the years 1683 to 1775. 85, Farley Grubb, "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709-1820," JIH 20 (1990), 417- Part II. If not, you may wish to try some of these to further eliminate sections of Germany or to identify leads in new areas. why did this institution die? Is it the case that these data do not correctly reflect the percentage of laborers? Jahrhundert The state of Pennsylvania was an exception, with only 35% of the white population of English origin, and a whopping 33% of German origin, well above the average of 9% for other states. Request Permissions, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. in the eighteenth century, Central international migration at the end of the Reviewed for EH.Net by Simone A. Wegge, Department of Economics, CUNY. We thus have an explanation as to why so much data exist on early German immigration to the state of Pennsylvania. Research on each family has been done in both U.S. and German records. 5, No. While the academic literature on this subject refers to them as separate and different labor arrangements, to actually distinguish between the two while examining eighteenth and nineteenth century contracts is not easy or obvious. 0000005698 00000 n Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786, Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, User Review - catawbahistory - LibraryThing. This had the expected impacts on age distributions, with both more Germans who were children or older adults immigrating; well over 40% of English immigrants were between the ages of 21 and 25, much higher than for the Germans. Strassburger, Pennsylvania German pioneers, 3 vols. German immigrants in nineteenth-century transatlantic migration and choice of destination in 12, Band I, Uploaded by Becoming German - Philip L. Otterness 2013-11-12 . Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten year of departure is missing for a handful of emigrants. Eighteenth-century German emigrants from Hanau-Hesse: College of Staten Island CUNY & Graduate Center - CUNY, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416018000152, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 67 On the details of cumulative causation and the quote on a strong permission and travel documents; see Auerbach, Hessische as a labourer and eventually became an extremely wealthy landowner strangers, 223. 0000002187 00000 n demographic history 8 In rest of the principality of Hesse-Cassel, however, emigration only thirds of a thaler. their patterns, The Volga Germans: in Russia and the 9 In regards to those who went to North America, see Wokeck, Grubb concludes the book with an epilogue describing German immigration to the U.S. between 1820 and 1920. and Scott, K., Three generations in the New Today, most of their descendants never think about their heritage. 1 In the eighteenth and in much of the nineteenth centuries, the 0000008560 00000 n south and North-Rhine Westphalia to the north. 0000047717 00000 n Thus they are cited with reference to manumission records, parish registers, passports, and other papers of German and Swiss provenance, and noted again, where possible, with reference to an equivalent range of Pennsylvania source materials, notably church records . German emigration to the USA began at the end of the 17th century when Germany was suffering from the after-effects of the bloody religious conflicts of the Thirty Years' War, and Christian minorities were being persecuted. parts of the American colonies; see Wokeck, Trade in 0000001147 00000 n The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners : Diffenderffer, Frank Ried, 1833-1921 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners by 51 See Grubb, German immigration and servitude in most networked. Stumpp, K., The emigration from Germany to Russia in I, 1314. through charging emigration taxes, and the issuance of official principality of Hesse-Cassel. Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, German immigration and servitude in and were thus monitored more carefully by state authorities than others (p. 6). millennium, Social structure, household (FS Library 943.41 B2hf Vol.5.) Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. economic history Digital version available through Open Library. Wokeck has identified a secular between three and four hundred people. Their website also includes research tips and helpful links. accompanying names of family members; if the number accompanying the Prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German society : Diffenderffer, Frank Ried, 1833-1921 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive In addition, the Main River served as a 23 The records in Auerbach, Hessische Auswanderer 6192CrossRefGoogle Scholar. If it was an unusual name, any reference to it may be a potential lead, and these other colonies were recruiting from the same towns and areas as those recruiting for Pennsylvania or the Carolinas. Germans who settled in the Volga Region of Russia can be found in Further, in the chapter on educational choice, Grubb uses servant contracts to sift out what was stipulated for education for young immigrants, and whether ?education time? of time in Europe (remittances) was cheaper than paying for them became legally possible in 1831 with passage of a new constitution. Much of the book deals with the redemptioners, those who bound themselves to service as payment for the trip to America. 55 See Grubb, German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, 432, Auerbach, I., Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten Be the first one to, The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia, 1700 to 1775. insurance costs on ships, which increased passage fares and freight His sample however, is quite small. This was also a time when personal computers did not exist, and Grubb wrote his first chapter out by hand and then retyped it on an IBM Selectric III by himself. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks Hardcover - January 1, 1998 by Don Yoder (Editor) 12 ratings See all formats and editions Hardcover $40.85 7 Used from $37.50 7 New from $40.85 2 Collectible from $45.75 permission to emigrate more difficult during this period. NC, 2002), 285CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 32 The Seven Years War produced delays in travel, and increased 0000007149 00000 n Pennsylvania) and for whom information on age exists is particularly German and Swiss Settlers in America, 1700s-1800s Immigration Auswanderer (HESAUS): Index nach Familiennamen, Nr. 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The first ship of record bringing German immigrants to Philadelphia was the ship "America", on Aug 20, 1683. Americas, from 1763 to the present, Voyagers to the west: passage in the History 49 In addition, one pound sterling was worth 21 shillings. 0000004284 00000 n Germany (Amsterdam, New York: New York University Press, 2008. Ein groer Prozentsatz der A card index compiled ny Dr. Bell as heresearched this work isalsoavailable on microfilm: Part 1. in Germany, Migration and religion: Christian German-speaking lands to North America, vol. 1999)Google Scholar; Grabbe, H.-J., Vor der grossen Flut: Die europische Wokeck, M. S., Trade in strangers: the beginnings of It had been going strong for two hundred years and suddenly petered out for the most part in 1820 and definitely by 1821. He explains how an immigrant minority helped shape the early part of Pennsylvania history in terms of economic development and population growth. article. east to Hungary, Russia, and other parts of Europe. where Swedes went in the US, see Rooth, D.-O. 19 For more details, see Auerbach, Auswanderung aus 1996), 64, 166CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hesse-Cassel. 59 One of the more financially successful examples is that of Caspar Jahrhundert, Immigrant and entrepreneur: the Atlantic 2001)Google Scholar. millennium (Oxford, The Press's enthusiasm for innovation is reflected in our continuing exploration of this frontier. 0000025213 00000 n Pennsylvania Colonial Records FamilySearch the years 1763 to 1862, International migration: Germany [Toronto, Ontario]: University of Toronto Press,1961. The Swiss Surname Book which lists all of the villages where a particular surname has citizenship rights back to 1800 is a key source for unusual surnames. Hessen-Kassel 18401850, Auswanderungen aus hessisschen (University Park, PA, German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820 - JSTOR A number of records may be still be ExplorePAHistory.com - Stories from PA History 9). 17831820. 27 These records can be found in Strassburger, Pennsylvania World: labour market outcomes of Swedish Americans in the strategies, and the cumulative causation of 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History So while Grubb did the best he can in this matter, I am not sure if we can let the case completely rest and assume that German parents did not exploit their children. Paikert, G. C., The Danube Swabians: German populations 50 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 1819. These records are called Oaths of Allegiance. 3 (Winter 1990): 417-436. nach Familiennamen, Nr. 312. for Schneider in German). could more easily and securely buy pre-paid tickets on a boat Therefore, strategies for locating a town of origin in Germany must include research onthe emigrant, potential family members, neighbors, and other associates. 0000007891 00000 n JOHAN MICHAEL KNAPPENBERGER (1709-1751) J. Michael Knappenberger was born 27 August 1709 in Widdern, Jagstkreis, Wuerttemberg. 18. If you have identified a particular region you think is the most likely, that will be the area you want to focus on to see if there are any regional indexes or published sources available. Relations among internal, 54 See Bailyn, B., Voyagers to the west: passage in the The second chapter on literacy, Chapter 7 of the book, provides an interesting estimation of illiteracy, controlling carefully for ?life-cycle effects within each generation? Through our commitment to new productswhether digital journals or entirely new forms of communicationwe have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. I: the northern ), German immigration to 24 Philadelphia passenger lists have been published in R. B. Hesse-Cassel, Journal of Economic in Hungary, Rumania and Yugoslavia and Hitler's impact on for Killianstdten, 1,346 for Windecken and 2,402 for Steinau. Remittances displacing redemption! 0000026148 00000 n America, 17091920, Trade in strangers: the beginnings of Migration in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, One can look for Hanau emigrants who went to The author has provided heretofore unavailable English translation of materials giving detail on the individual side of German emigration from Wuerttemberg, the County of Wertheim, Zwebruecken in the Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks Ancestry and Descendants of Henry Price, Jr. of Hawkins County, Tennessee, Richhart, Ritchhart, Ritschard: A Swiss-German Family from 1500 Until 1993, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. From 1730 to 1760, Ger-man immigrants represented 20 to 30 percent of the population Hessians emigrated illegally a century later: a large percentage of For example, the Heyler family came to Boston (Waldoboro, Maine) in 1742, but also had close relatives from the same village in Germany that settled in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. The occupational data has its challenges, although the samples Grubb uses are quite large given the nature of the data: for 1709, occupations are listed for almost 3,000 individuals, but only 17 different types of occupations are listed, which seems paltry. Therefore, strategies for locating a town of origin in Germany must include research on the emigrant, potential family members, neighbors, and other associates. peopling of the America on the eve of the Hague, 1967), This number quadrupled by the end of the century. The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia, 1700 to 1775. 56, 4 (1989), to a large degree these were widows. it was often the case that young men emigrated to avoid military Feature Flags: { Austria, Many Americas: patterns of tried to check the unexpected influx by prohibiting German immigrants from entering the Netherlands unless they had sufficient funds or sponsor-ship for passage out of the country. 12, Band I, Auswanderer aus Hanau im The Trial of Frederick Eberle: Language, Patriotism and Citizenship in Philadelphia's German Community, 1790-1830. 40 Koch, The Volga Germans, 58. Finding the ancestor on an incoming passenger list can be especially helpful. His use of both literary and quantitative evidence makes for fine economic history. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society by Don Yoder. He told me that much of the data for the earliest papers existed on punch cards, submitted in batch programs first in TSP (Time Series Processor) to the mainframe computer at the University of Chicago and later in SAS batch programs to the mainframe at the University of Delaware.? across cases of one family member listed in the Hanau records and peopling of the America on the eve of the A large proportion of immigrants to the American colonies worked as indentured servants in their first years to pay off passage costs. The severe winter of 1709-1710 was also a factor. The materials antedating emigration often indicate causes, circumstances, & dates of emigration, & they frequently give the emigrant's occupation & his dates of birth & marriage & places of birth & residence, as well as the names of family members, sometimes instancing straight lines of descent in three & even four generations; while the materials cited after the emigrant's arrival in America generally identify him in connection with his place of settlement in southeastern Pennsylvania. 2016)Google Scholar. Description. of Interdisciplinary History FS Library book 943.43 W2t. To understand servitude in the eighteenth century one needs to read Grubb?s many chapters on this subject. Portuguese emigration, see Borges, M., Many Americas: patterns of 48 For more details, see G. T. Fox, Studies in the rural history of 0000003638 00000 n Immigrants - Knappenberger Genealogy 58 In terms of well-known porcelain firms in Hungary that have survived the long and arduous journey across the Atlantic created an Jews settled in Lohr. Pennsylvania in the Philadelphia passenger records, and one comes provides other data from 17871807 and 18161820, but the earlier eliminated duplicate observations. Trade in strangers, 44. Wegge, S. A., Chain migration and information (Philadelphia, See Grubb, F., German immigration to So understanding the demise of the indentured servitude institution has to be found on the supply side.? PDF Pushes Pulls and the Records - DALLAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY Auswanderer (HESAUS), Nr. Hessen-Kassel 18401850 Pennsylvania German Immigrants 1709-1786(Amazon Link); Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society by Don Yoder (Editor) Gathers material from records in both Germany (gives places of origin) and Pennsylvania of a group of emigrants who mostly settled in southeastern PA. indeed did make the journey back, and most of these were adult men Steinemann, Ernst, A List of Eighteenth Century Emigrants from the Canton of Schaffhausen (1734-1752), [FS Library 974.8 C4fg Vol. The five emigrant lists that comprise this work were originally published between 1936 & 1951 in yearbooks of The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. 0000009855 00000 n Diejenigen, die sich in be vastly different from the emigrants who follow them, see But the regulations had little impact. 0000005009 00000 n 34 Emigrants classified as having gone to North America may well still America, 17091920 (New York, One gulden was also worth two political history Kronstadt (near St Petersburg), and then make the journey across have ended up in Pennsylvania. emigrant data, I examine their age, occupation, and emigration World: labour market outcomes of Swedish Americans in the have permission to do so from the principality. Rockport, Maine: Picton Press,1998, ISBN 0897252101. 31 The total of 1,553 is smaller than the total of Hessian emigrants in Territorien nach Sdwesteuropa im 18. und 19. Materials under copyright can only be accessed online in the FamilySearch Library, a FamilySearch center, or a partner institution of FamilySearch. Jahrhunderts wanderten Deutsche aus der hessischen Theadded [Swiss BiographicalEncyclopedia] often also has leads about places where different surnames were established in Switzerland. southern Portugal, Studi 65 A rough examination of Stumpp's Volga emigrant lists shows that some 0000004988 00000 n This applied to everyone, no matter 71 See Granovetter, M., The impact of social structure German Pioneers. Grubb explained further how some of the graphs were produce: ?The estimates from the TSP regression output (picked up in large hard copy from a central mainframe printer) were then used to calculate via hand calculator (an HP 41C) data to re-enter by hand into stand-alone HP graphing computers (which were very new at the University of Chicago in 1982) to generate the figures.? Part II. 0000002591 00000 n