A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. After the show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. As a result, she no longer checks her in-box on a daily basis. Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game. Solved Which of the following accurately describes the - Chegg While commercial breaks were once a neutral stimulus, repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (having a delicious snack) has turned the commercials into a conditioned stimulus. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). As a result, the student forms an association between the behavior (talking out of turn) and the consequence (not being able to go outside for recess). In psychology, generalization is the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus. Also, perfume (UCS) might be associated with a specific person (CS). 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and measuring its salivary secretions. Classical conditioning does not occur unless the associated stimuli are reinforced. Classical conditioning helps to explain _____, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Only the last of these frightened him, so this was designated the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and fear the unconditioned response (UCR). The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. This is the law of: On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. They can produce the conditioned response (CR). Maturation reflects _____. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can. conditioned response. This phenomenon is called: O habituation. While these two types of conditioning share some similarities, it is important to understand some of the key differences in order to best determine which approach is best for certain learning situations. What represents the conditioned response? Operant conditioning: Positive-and-negative reinforcement and 2016;2(2):97-100. doi:10.1037/tps0000073. Alexis is a former cocaine user. Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. identify an accurate statement related to operant conditioning. Even if you are not a psychology student, you have probably at least heard aboutPavlov's dogs. What represents the conditioned stimulus? Eventually, the bell alone, a.k.a. One of the simplest ways to remember the differences between classical and operant conditioning is to focus on whether the behavior is involuntary or voluntary. As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child every time she bangs her head on the wall. Most participants in an experiment are aware of the experimenters contingencies (the relationship between stimuli and responses) and in the absence of such awareness often fail to show evidence of conditioning (Brewer, 1974). The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is a still need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close. Watson, J. Everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning? The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called, Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement. a3/5an=a21. For example, in Pavlovs experiment, the bell was the neutral stimulus, and only produced a response when it was paired with food. Chapter 6 Quiz A Flashcards | Chegg.com Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their children? A(n) _____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions. lecturing and reprimanding a child for being rude to his or her teachers. In classical-conditioning situations, the _____ is unlearned, but the _____ is learneD. . . What principles of learning do behavior modification programs rely on in order to help people change? Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. Which of the following statements is correct? Journal of experimental psychology, 3(1), 1. This stage also involves another stimulus which has no effect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park, when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose, they are rewarded every time with fish after they successfully complete their act. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate? Marcia was romantically involved with John. There have been many laboratory demonstrations of human participants acquiring behavior through the process of classical conditioning. 2016;6(1):9096. After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response. In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Another way to describe this stage is "when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR)." A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift? by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number. In the initial learning period, acquisition describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. He then repeatedly presented the dogs with the sound of the bell first and then the food (pairing) after a few repetitions the dogs salivated when they heard the sound of the bell. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. . For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thundering soon afterward. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid? Implications of learning theory for developing programs to decrease overeating. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of crime have. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a substitute stimulus that triggers the same response in an organism as an unconditioned stimulus. Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." B. For operant conditioning to work, the subject must first display a behavior that can then be either rewarded or punished. b. Which of the following is true of stimulus generalization? Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last? your little brother whines whenever he wants something, which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism, understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them, learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called, in classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two, lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. While watching television, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical-conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. However, some would argue that the reductionist view lacks validity. Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner? Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are CORRECTLY matched with the type of learning it reflects? Principles of Learning Flashcards | Quizlet Using a system of rewards and punishments, people can learn to overcome bad habits that might have a negative impact on their health such as smoking or overeating. Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____. A) Classical conditioning involves turning a conditioned stimulus into an unconditioned stimulus. What does she do? She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. B) Classical Conditioning results in LTP of the occipital lobe. The other stimuli were neutral because they did not produce fear. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences of that behavior. Scolding Todd is an example of, Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. Alexis is a former cocaine user. However, it is limiting to describe behavior solely in terms of either nature or nurture, and attempts to do this underestimate the complexity of human behavior. For example, while a variable-ratio schedule will result in a high and steady rate of response, a variable-interval schedule will lead to a slow and steady response rate. However, the processes are also quite different. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. conditioning, is called, Marcia is no longer romantically involved with John as they broke up after a three-year relationship.